GYNOCENTRIC SPACE: Matrifocal Architecture in Neolithic Europe and Anatolia

Abstract

This thesis explores how gynocentric values shaped architecture from the Neolithic era, focusing on four regions across Europe and Anatolia: southern Türkiye, Malta, the British Isles, and the island of Crete. These cultures shared similarities in their religious beliefs, art, and architecture, and were connected through a shared history of migration. Each culture was characterized by matrifocal social structures: societies in which women held central and respected roles within both familial and social hierarchies, often emphasizing egalitarianism. Additionally, their spiritual practices revolved around the worship of a female divinity, akin to Mother Earth. Both of these attributes deeply influenced their architectural designs, resulting in the creation of gynocentric spaces.

This thesis analyzes the architectural features of the four selected regions to uncover the defining characteristics of matrifocal architecture. In the analysis, four recurring themes have been identified, which served as the framework of this thesis. Firstly, many buildings resemble the form of the female body. These sites spatially resemble a womb, with an emphasis placed on interior spaces and voids. Several sites also mimic the rounded shapes of the belly, spine and full female body, often appearing curvilinear in shape. Secondly, Neolithic sites have an intimate relationship with the surrounding landscape. Buildings were built upon sites deemed sacred, or were oriented towards important landscape features, such as mountains, rivers, cliffs and valleys. Thirdly, Neolithic architecture reflected their cyclical view of time. Many sites align to key astronomical events, embedding solar, lunar, and stellar rhythms into the built environment. Lastly, Neolithic sites were designed to support embodied rituals. Their architectural forms reflect spiritual practices involving processions, movement, dance, and sound; experiences which fully engage the human body.

This thesis proposes alternative approaches to architectural design by highlighting the interconnection between gender, nature, spirituality, and built form. By reconsidering the ways in which architecture once carried deep symbolic and societal significance, this thesis invites a dialogue on the role of meaning in design today.