University of Waterloo

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This institution-wide community is designed to house collections of Waterloo created electronic research that span the institution or are not logically subsumed by a single faculty sub-community.

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Comprehensive Settlement Planning in the MacKenzie River Delta, N.W.T.: A Proposed Planning Theory and Methodology (Northwest Territories)
(University of Waterloo, 1967) Aasen, Clarence T.
The arctic and subarctic regions of Canada are increasingly developing as integral, participating parts of the total Canadian and world scene. Basic to this development in the North are the human, natural physical, and designed or man- made environments. This study is concerned with one aspect of the designed environment: human settlements. On the basis of an evaluation of the existing settlement planning situation, an attempt is made to develop a skeletal, yet consistent, theory and methodology for settlement planning in the Mackenzie River Delta, Northwest Territories. The approach is from a comprehensive point of view, and includes social, economic and physical criteria directly in the planning process. A combined systems-factor analysis technique is experimentally developed as an aid to creativity in the planning process. Preliminary results indicate both an immediate practical use and a good potential for the further development of the approach as a panning tool.
Gaits and Their Development in the Infraorder Pecora
(University of Waterloo, 1967-02) Dagg, Anne Innis
The gaits of twenty-eight species of the Infraorder Pecora are analyzed from motion picture sequences comprising over 45,000 frames. For each gait the percentage time spent on the various supporting legs during each stride and the order in which the combinations of supporting legs were used are tabulated. When possible the times for the strides are calculated. The walk patterns of each of the four families studied are shown to be statistically distinctive. Within each family, those members that live where the vegetation is so dense that they must rely on hearing to warn them of danger use a more stable walk than those species that inhabit open grasslands. A stable walk is that in which diagonal legs are used in preference to lateral legs and three or four supporting legs are used rather than two. With a more stable walk, a species is able to pause quickly and to flee instantly if danger threatens. The data for these species suggest that the antelopes, giraffids and pronghorns evolved in an open environment while the cervids, including the caribou, evolved in a woodland habitat. The variability in the walking strides of members of these species is assessed for the first time. The walk pattern varies with the nature of the terrain and with the speed at which the walk is executed. It also depends upon the age of an individual of a species and on the weight of its antlers or horns. A trotting gait is shown to be the predominant one of the constantly moving caribou. This species has evolved anatomically in ways that ensure an effective trot. The preferred fast gait of several other species is found to be a trot rather than a gallop, owing to their large size, their wooded environment, the swampy nature of the ground underfoot or their heavy antlers or horns. The type of gallop of the Pecoran species is shown to be closely related to their environment and to their anatomy. Light Pecoran species use both flexed and extended suspensions in their fast gallops. The white-tail and the mule deer alone use the extended suspension primarily, since it is in this phase of their gallop that they leap over the bushes and logs that occur throughout their brush environment. Heavy Pecoran species do not use extended suspensions, nor generally do those animals with backs sloping downward posteriorly to relatively short hind legs. A symmetrical bound is shown to be used by both cervids and antelopes either to navigate steep and rough slopes or to increase the field of vision. The times taken for walking, trotting and galloping strides are shown to be longer in larger animals. The reason for this is discussed in terms of the leg considered as a pendulum.
The electrostatic potential in a finite ionic crystal
(University of Waterloo, 1972-11-01) Redlack, Austin
This thesis is written in two parts. In Part One, we develop a new method for evaluating three dimensional lattice summations and apply it to the evaluation of the electrostatic potential of a finite ionic crystal. We then compare our expression with those obtained using infinite crystals. Some of the effects which are not obtainable using an infinite crystal are: i. the electrostatic potential depends on the shape of the sample when a dipole or quadrupole moment is present, and 2. the electrostatic potential at the surface of a crystal changes rapidly near the surface. In Part Two, we use the method developed in Part One to evaluate the electrostatic potential in a deformed crystal and use the resulting expression to define the macroscopic electric field and the electric displacement field. For the case of uniform fields, the expressions for these fields reduce to those in common use.
Nishga Initiative and Missionary Response: Robert Doolan at Quinwoch, B.C.
(SAGE, 1981-07-01) Patterson II, E Palmer
In this historical study of the work of pioneer missionary Robert Doolan, Professor Patterson points out the initiative shown by the Nishga people of the northwest coast of British Columbia and how this interest helped build the church there.
A Novel Furnace Design Utilizing a Low Temperature Plastic Condensing Heat Exchanger
(1982-03) Wright, John L.; Sullivan, Harry F.
The initial phase of a research and development program for the Consumers' Gas Co. and the Federal Department of Energy, Mines and Resources to design a condensing heat exchanger/gas fired residential air furnace has been completed. Progress to date has resulted in a novel design utilizing a relatively low temperature plastic material for the last stage heat exchanger. To utilize this low temperature plastic, a method of reducing the temperature of the flue gas entering the final heat exchanger was devised using a unique flue gas recirculation process. Heat transfer calculations and pressure drop prediction methods have indicated that the design is sound and can easily be accommodated in a residential furnace with only moderate increase in cost and space requirements. The existing design is also well suited to incorporation as a retrofit package and this is also being pursued. Based on the calculated performance, a condensing heat exchanger was sized, fabricated and installed on a conventional 80,000 BTU/hr input gas fired residential furnace. The initial experimental tests have given very encouraging results. Based on a final flue gas exit temperature of 85F with an excess air condition of 25%, these initial tests yielded a furnace efficiency of approximately 97%. Although combustion air preheat has not been employed in these initial tests, this feature is planned as part of the prototype design.
Native Missionaries of the North Pacific Coast: Philip McKay and Others
(University of the Pacific, 1986) Patterson, E Palmer
IN WRITING THE HISTORY of nineteenth century Christian missions the tendency has been to deal primarily with the European and Euro-American or Euro-Canadian missionaries and their exploits—as adventure, devotion, sacrifice, martyrdom, cultural and economic imperialism, and other themes. Much less attention has been given to native missionaries, lay and clerical, commissioned by their white supervisors. Still less attention has been given to spontaneous, informal, or self-commissioned missionary activity by native Christians.
Effective U-values and Shading Coefficients of Preheat/Supply Air Glazing Systems
(1986-06) Wright, John L.
Research is documented which makes use of a computer program called VISION, This computer program was developed specifically to provide a detailed analysis of heat transfer occurring in glazing systems. VISION was modified to perform an analysis of the energy flows in supply air windows. A model used to quantify heat transfer in the supply air flow is described. Ventilation air is brought in through supply air windows and the energy recovered by the preheat of the air flow is credited to the thermal performance of the window itself, Thus, the net energy flow between the conditioned space and the window was used to calculate an effective U-value and shading coefficient, The use of these "effective" window performance parameters permits the subsequent quantification of energy flows to or from the supply air glazing system without the necessity of modelling the detailed mechanisms of energy transport within the glazing system itself. A variety of glazing system designs are simulated. Indoor glazing temperature is reported for each system. In all cases the presence of preheat ventilation improved the effective shading coefficient moderately and increased the effective thermal resistance appreciably.
Simulation and Measurement of Windows with Low Emissivity Coatings Used in Conjunction with Teflon Inner Glazings
(1987-09) Wright, John L.; Sullivan, Harry F.
Theoretical work has illustrated that highly infrared, transparent plastic films are well suited for use as intermediate glazings when used in conjunction with a low emissivity coating. Prototype glazing systems that incorporate low emissivity coatings and Teflon films were constructed. The thermal resistance of each of these prototypes was measured using the University of Waterloo Natural Convection Apparatus. Simulation of the glazing systems was carried out using a two-band glazing system thermal analysis program called VISION. Comparison between measurement and simulation showed good agreement. It can be concluded that highly infrared transparent intermediate glazings can be useful when high thermal resistance is desired and that the VISION glazing system analysis program is useful not only for parametric and sensitivity investigations but can also be used with confidence to estimate U-values of specific glazing systems.
Simulation And Measurement Of Windows With Metal Films Used In Conjunction With Teflon Inner Glazings
(1987-09) Wright, John L.; Sullivan, Harry F.
Previous work has shown that highly infrared transparent plastic films are well suited for use as inner glazings when used in conjunction with a low emissivity coating. Thermal resistance measurements of a set of glazing systems incorporating gold or copper coatings plus Teflon intermediate glazings are reported. The same glazing systems were simulated using a computer program called VISION. The agreement between the two sets of results was found to be very good.
Glazing System U-Value Measurement Using a Guarded Heater Plate Apparatus
(American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 1988) Wright, John L.; Sullivan, Harry F.
Precise heat transfer measurements have been carried out during the last 20 years using a guarded heater plate apparatus. This apparatus has been adapted and used over the last several years to perform U-value measurements on a variety of prototypical glazing systems. Results from two sets of measurements are presented. One set of results quantifies heat transfer across stagnant air layers containing an intermediate fluorinated ethylene-propylene (FEP) glazing and bounded by plates of various emissivities. The second set consists of values (i.e., glass-to-glass U-values) for a set of glazing systems that incorporate up to four glazings, one of two solar-control metal coatings and up to two intermediate glazings made of FEP film. In each case the measured results are compared to simulation. In the first study the discrepancy between measured and calculated heat transfer rates was less than 2% in all cases. In the second study the discrepancy was never greater than 8% and was less than 3% in the majority of cases. These results indicate that the test method used is well suited to the reliable measurement of glazing system U-value. It is a useful tool as a developmental test procedure for glazing system design because it can be carried out quickly and at low cost. The apparatus and procedure are described in detail.
Thermal resistance measurement of glazing system edge-seals and seal materials using a guarded heater plate apparatus
(American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 1989) Wright, John L.; Sullivan, Harry F.
In cold climates the increased edge-glass heat transfer at the perimeter of a sealed glazing unit creates a special problem. This is where condensed water and frost most readily occur. One mechanism contributing to edge-glass heat transfer is edge-seal conduction. Very few data are available regarding the thermal resistance of the various edge-seal configurations that are commercially available. An experimental procedure has been devised whereby the thermal resistance of an edge-seal can be directly measured using a guarded heater plate apparatus. Results are reported for nine edge-seal test samples. In addition, results from similar tests provide measured thermal conductivities for four of the materials used in the construction of the edge-seal test samples and commercially available edge-seals.
Natural Convection in Sealed Glazing Units: A Review
(American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 1989) Wright, John L.; Sullivan, Harry F.
In cold climates the augmented edge-glass heat transfer at the bottom of a glazing system creates a special problem. This is where condensed water and/or frost most readily occur. Two mechanisms determining the rate of edge-glass heat transfer, namely, edge-seal conduction and fill gas convection, are discussed. Current methods for estimating average edge-glass heat loss rates are reviewed. No reliable methods have been established for calculating the minimum temperature near the bottom of the indoor glazing. Heat transfer by natural convection of a gas in a vertical slot is a highly complex process about which there exists an abundance of technical information. The literature reviewed describes laminar flow regimes, mechanisms of heat transfer, local heat transfer, hydrodynamic stability, and conditions governing the onset of turbulence. These findings are discussed as they pertain to total and local heat transfer rates in glazing systems.
A Study Of Pane Spacing In Glazing Systems
(Solar Energy Society of Canada, 1989-06) Wright, John L.; Baker, J. A.; Sullivan, Harry F.
The selection of optimum pane spacing for glazing systems has been a topic of ongoing debate in the window manufacturing industry. Arguments are often based on speculation, intuition and results from tests not specifically designed to examine the effects of pane spacing. This study presents a set of measured centre-glass U-values taken from experiments where pane spacing was carefully varied while holding all remaining conditions unchanged. Heat flux measurements were made using a guarded heater plate apparatus. Glazing systems were all double glazed, air filled and tested in the vertical position. Measured centre-glass U-values were compared to calculated U-values. These calculations were performed using a version of the VISION glazing system thermal analysis program which was modified in order to model the guarded heater plate test conditions. VISION runs were also carried out in order to predict the optimum pane spacing as a function of variations in glazing system design, fill gas type, weather condition, and the number of panes incorporated in the glazing system. VISION results were combined with results of the window frame thermal analysis program, FRAME. FRAME was used to estimate the average edge-glass and frame U-values for several design options. The results of these calculations provide an estimate of the sensitivity of overall U-values to variations in pane spacing.
Thermal Resistance Measurement Of Glazing System Edge-seals
(1989-11) Wright, John L.
The existing design of glazing system edge-seals creates increased edge-glass heat transfer at the perimeter of sealed glazing units. This thermal short-circuit caused by edge-seal conduction results in added mechanical stress. condensation problems in cold climates and augments the building energy load. New edge-seal designs are being marketed but very few data are available regarding the thermal resistance of any of the various edge-seal configurations that are available. An experimental procedure hos been devised whereby the thermal resistance of an edge-seal can be directly measured using a guarded heater plate apparatus. Results for nine edge-seal test samples are reported and discussed. A variety of conclusions and design guidelines are presented.
L'Adultère e(s)t la souffrance : analyse thématique et exemplifiée de l'œuvre fictive de Guy de Maupassant
(University of Waterloo, 1991-01-07) Richter, Klaus Bodo
Partant de la suggestion d'André Vial, ''l'un des critiques les plus importants" de l'œuvre de Guy de Maupassant, que l'infidélité conjugale est un des thèmes parcourant son œuvre, cette étude visera à développer la pensée de l'auteur quant à l'adultère en traçant ses idées à travers son œuvre fictive. Par ceci, elle comblera une lacune dans la recherche sur l'auteur et son œuvre et contribuera à éclairer un coin négligé par l'étude scolaire de la litterature française. [...]
Contributions to the study of general relativistic shear-free perfect fluids: an approach involving Cartan's equivalence method, differential forms and symbolic computation
(University of Waterloo, 1993) Lang, Jérôme Michel
It has been conjectured that general relativistic shear-free perfect ﬂuids with a barotropic equation of state, and such that the energy density, µ, and the pressure, p, satisfy µ + p ̸= 0, cannot simultaneously be rotating and expanding (or contracting). A survey of the known results about this conjecture is included herein. We show that the conjecture holds true under either of the following supplementary conditions: 1) the Weyl tensor is purely magnetic with respect to the ﬂow velocity vector or 2) dp/dµ = −1/3. Any hypersurface-homogeneous shear-free perfect ﬂuid which is not space-time homogeneous and whose acceleration vector is not parallel to the vorticity vector belongs to one of three invariantly deﬁned classes, labelled A, B and C. It is found that the Petrov types which are allowed in each class are as follows: for class A, type I only; for class B, types I, II and III; and for class C, types I, D, II and N. Two-dimensional pseudo-Riemannian space-times are classiﬁed in a manner similar to that of the Karlhede classiﬁcation of four-dimensional general-relativistic space-times. In an appendix, the forms diﬀerential forms package for the Maple program is described.
City Core Neighbourhoods Designed for Sustainability
(University of Waterloo, 1993) Walker, Judith
Humankind's ability to ensure sustainability of the biosphere depends upon the integrated and concerted efforts of all peoples in all places. This study examines the critical need to focus on the achievement of sustainability in urban centres, specifically in North America, and evaluates the potential for city core neighbourhoods to contribute to the accomplishment of this goal. Four criteria are presented as necessary for the realization of urban sustainability, two of which, livability and equity of access, (identified as the 'social' criteria) become the focus of this inquiry. Community involvement at the neighbourhood level is also identified as necessary to the process by which sustainability will be achieved. The synergy of livability and equity to create a 'sense of community' and attendant community involvement is explored. The St. Lawrence neighbourhood in Toronto serves as a case study to inform future efforts to ensure livability, equity, and the resulting community involvement necessary to achieve urban sustainability, and points to subtle but important lessons regarding the dynamism of various conditions within a neighbourhood that can contribute to this potential.
Logic in Pictures: An Examination of Diagrammatic Representations, Graph Theory and Logic
(University of Waterloo, 1994) Hawley, Derik
This thesis explores the various forms of reasoning that are associated with diagrams. It does this by a logical analysis of diagrammatic symbols. The thesis is divided into three sections dealing with different aspects of diagrammatic logic. They are (1) The relevance of diagrammatic symbols and their role in logic, (2) Methods of formalizing diagrammatic symbols, such as subway maps and Peirce's Existential Graphs through the means of Graph theory, (3) The conception of inference in diagrammatic logic systems.
A two-dimensional numerical model for natural convection in a vertical, rectangular window cavity
(American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 1994-12-31) Wright, John L.; Sullivan, Harry F.
It is common for sealed glazing units to exhibit condensation problems when operated in cold climates. Condensation often forms along the perimeter of the exposed surface of the indoor glazing because of the thermal short circuit caused by the edge seal. Furthermore, condensation most readily forms along the bottom edge of the indoor glazing because of the combined effects of edge seal conduction and fill gas convection. A simple two-dimensional numerical control volume formulation is presented that can be used to model the natural convection of gas within a vertical, rectangular cavity. Details of a unique perturbation scheme used to generate secondary cells are also presented This model closely reproduces the average Nusselt number results of more complex numerical models. Average and local Nusselt numbers have also been compared with experimental results and close agreement has been demonstrated for conditions typical of window cavities.
Occurrent Contractarianism: A Preference-Based Ethical Theory
(University of Waterloo, 1995) Murray, Malcolm
There is a problem within contractarian ethics that I wish to resolve. It concerns individualpreferences. Contractarianism holds that morality, properly conceived, can satisfy individualpreferences and interests better than amorality or immorality. W hat is unclear, however, iswhether these preferences are those individuals actually hold or those that they should hold. The goal of my thesis is to investigate this question. I introduce a version of contractarian ethicsthat relies on ind ividual preferences in a manner more stringent than has been in the literatureto date.

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